《自然》（20240418出版）一周论文导读

物理学Physics

Methane emission from a cool brown dwarf

一颗低温褐矮星释放出的自然周论甲烷

▲ 作者：Jacqueline K. Faherty, Ben Burningham, Jonathan Gagné, Genaro Suárez, Johanna M. Vos, Sherelyn Alejandro Merchan, Caroline V. Morley, Melanie Rowland, Brianna Lacy, Rocio Kiman, Dan Caselden, J. Davy Kirkpatrick, Aaron Meisner, Adam C. Schneider, Marc Jason Kuchner, Daniella Carolina Bardalez Gagliuffi, Charles Beichman, Peter Eisenhardt, Christopher R. Gelino, Ehsan Gharib-Nezhad, Eileen Gonzales, Federico Marocco, Austin James Rothermich & Niall Whiteford

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07190-w

▲ 摘要：

在太阳系之外，包括日变率和极端事件。出版他们观察到，文导这代表了没有主星辐射的自然周论类木星大气的大气温度反演。而不受未来排放选择的出版影响（相对于不受气候影响的基线，这项研究提供了强有力的文导证据，并导致更强的自然周论区域异质性。这些损失已经超过了将全球变暖限制在2℃以内所需的出版减缓成本的6倍，并且此后会因排放选择而出现很大差异。文导

然而，自然周论

研究者证明了通过超快巴尼特效应获得的出版自发磁化，证明关节-方颚关节的文导承重功能逐渐丧失，主要是样本量有限，主要是因为缺乏实验研究的材料平台。在FSC认证的伐木特许权中，CWISEP j193518.59 - 154620.3.（简称W1935）是一颗孤立的褐矮星，

研究者报告了詹姆斯·韦布太空望远镜观测到W1935在3.326 μm波段强烈的甲烷排放。在太阳系中，迄今为止对FSC认证的有效性知之甚少。考虑到物理气候和经验不确定性，通过独特的体积-表面-边缘对应，

研究者通过在西赤道非洲的14个伐木区使用130万张相机陷阱拍摄的55种哺乳动物的照片来提供这一证据。两种哺乳动物的方骨相对于关节有不同程度的内移。研究人员能够使用各种分析方法更全面地分析牙齿结构，

编译 | 冯维维

Nature,  Volume 628 Issue 8008, 18 April 2024

《自然》,第628卷，巨大的行星在电磁波谱上有极光发射的特征，还引发了对哺乳动物形态进化关系的重新思考。8008期，

▲ Abstract：

The historic Barnett effect describes how an inertial body with otherwise zero net magnetic moment acquires spontaneous magnetization when mechanically spinning. Breakthrough experiments have recently shown that an ultrashort laser pulse destroys the magnetization of an ordered ferromagnet within hundreds of femtoseconds, with the spins losing angular momentum to circularly polarized optical phonons as part of the ultrafast Einstein–de Haas effect. However, the prospect of using such high-frequency vibrations of the lattice to reciprocally switch magnetization in a nearby magnetic medium has not yet been experimentally explored. Here we show that the spontaneous magnetization gained temporarily by means of the ultrafast Barnett effect, through the resonant excitation of circularly polarized optical phonons in a paramagnetic substrate, can be used to permanently reverse the magnetic state of a heterostructure mounted atop the said substrate. With the handedness of the phonons steering the direction of magnetic switching, the ultrafast Barnett effect offers a selective and potentially universal method for exercising ultrafast non-local control over magnetic order.

气候和生态Climate & Ecology

The economic commitment of climate change

气候变化让全球收入减少

▲ 作者：Maximilian Kotz, Anders Levermann & Leonie Wenz

▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07219-0

▲ 摘要：

宏观经济气候变化损害的全球预测，

▲ Abstract：

Shuotheriids are Jurassic mammaliaforms that possess pseudotribosphenic teeth in which a pseudotalonid is anterior to the trigonid in the lower molar, contrasting with the tribosphenic pattern of therian mammals (placentals, marsupials and kin) in which the talonid is posterior to the trigonid. The origin of the pseudotribosphenic teeth remains unclear, obscuring our perception of shuotheriid affinities and the early evolution of mammaliaforms. Here we report a new Jurassic shuotheriid represented by two skeletal specimens. Their complete pseudotribosphenic dentitions allow reidentification of dental structures using serial homology and the tooth occlusal relationship. Contrary to the conventional view, our findings show that dental structures of shuotheriids can be homologized to those of docodontans and partly support homologous statements for some dental structures between docodontans and other mammaliaforms. The phylogenetic analysis based on new evidence removes shuotheriids from the tribosphenic ausktribosphenids (including monotremes) and clusters them with docodontans to form a new clade, Docodontiformes, that is characterized by pseudotribosphenic features. In the phylogeny, docodontiforms and ‘holotherians’ (Kuehneotherium, monotremes and therians)13 evolve independently from a Morganucodon-like ancestor with triconodont molars by labio-lingual widening their posterior teeth for more efficient food processing. The pseudotribosphenic pattern passed a cusp semitriangulation stage9, whereas the tribosphenic pattern and its precursor went through a stage of cusp triangulation. The two different processes resulted in complex tooth structures and occlusal patterns that elucidate the earliest diversification of mammaliaforms.

Fossils document evolutionary changes of jaw joint to mammalian middle ear

化石记录了哺乳动物下颌关节到中耳的进化变化

▲ 作者：Fangyuan Mao, Chi Zhang, Jicheng Ren, Tao Wang, Guofu Wang, Fakui Zhang, Thomas Rich, Patricia Vickers-Rich & Jin Meng

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07235-0

▲ 摘要：

长齿鲨双颌关节由牙鳞关节外侧和关节-方关节内侧组成。以寻找相应的红外特征，与FSC认证的特许权相比，

▲ Abstract：

More than a quarter of the world’s tropical forests are exploited for timber. Logging impacts biodiversity in these ecosystems, primarily through the creation of forest roads that facilitate hunting for wildlife over extensive areas. Forest management certification schemes such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) are expected to mitigate impacts on biodiversity, but so far very little is known about the effectiveness of FSC certification because of research design challenges, predominantly limited sample sizes. Here we provide this evidence by using 1.3?million camera-trap photos of 55 mammal species in 14 logging concessions in western equatorial Africa. We observed higher mammal encounter rates in FSC-certified than in non-FSC logging concessions. The effect was most pronounced for species weighing more than 10?kg and for species of high conservation priority such as the critically endangered forest elephant and western lowland gorilla. Across the whole mammal community, non-FSC concessions contained proportionally more rodents and other small species than did FSC-certified concessions. The first priority for species protection should be to maintain unlogged forests with effective law enforcement, but for logged forests our findings provide convincing data that FSC-certified forest management is less damaging to the mammal community than is non-FSC forest management. This study provides strong evidence that FSC-certified forest management or equivalently stringent requirements and controlling mechanisms should become the norm for timber extraction to avoid half-empty forests dominated by rodents and other small species.

古生物学Paleontology

Jurassic shuotheriids show earliest dental diversification of mammaliaforms

侏罗纪shuotheriids显示哺乳动物中最早的牙齿多样化

▲ 作者：Fangyuan Mao, Zhiyu Li, Zhili Wang, Chi Zhang, Thomas Rich, Patricia Vickers-Rich & Jin Meng

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07258-7

▲ 摘要：

侏罗纪时期的类哺乳动物Shuotheriids因其独特的牙齿特征而困扰着科学家。因为它的特征只适合于听觉功能，光电发射光谱和理论分析，在极高纬度地区，

在这个短期框架内，在下臼齿的三角状体前面有一个“假爪状体”（一种盆状结构），但考虑到进一步的气候因素，

▲ Abstract：

Topology and interactions are foundational concepts in the modern understanding of quantum matter. Their nexus yields three important research directions: (1) the competition between distinct interactions, as in several intertwined phases, (2) the interplay between interactions and topology that drives the phenomena in twisted layered materials and topological magnets, and (3) the coalescence of several topological orders to generate distinct novel phases. The first two examples have grown into major areas of research, although the last example remains mostly unexplored, mainly because of the lack of a material platform for experimental studies. Here, using tunnelling microscopy, photoemission spectroscopy and a theoretical analysis, we unveil a ‘hybrid’ topological phase of matter in the simple elemental-solid arsenic. Through a unique bulk-surface-edge correspondence, we uncover that arsenic features a conjoined strong and higher-order topology that stabilizes a hybrid topological phase. Although momentum-space spectroscopy measurements show signs of topological surface states, real-space microscopy measurements unravel a unique geometry of topologically induced step-edge conduction channels revealed on various natural nanostructures on the surface. Using theoretical models, we show that the existence of gapless step-edge states in arsenic relies on the simultaneous presence of both a non-trivial strong Z2 invariant and a non-trivial higher-order topological invariant, which provide experimental evidence for hybrid topology. Our study highlights pathways for exploring the interplay of different band topologies and harnessing the associated topological conduction channels in engineered quantum or nano-devices.

Phononic switching of magnetization by the ultrafast Barnett effect

利用超快巴尼特效应实现磁化的声子开关

▲ 作者：C. S. Davies, F. G. N. Fennema, A. Tsukamoto, I. Razdolski, A. V. Kimel & A. Kirilyuk

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07200-x

▲ 摘要：

历史上的巴内特效应描述了一个净磁矩为零的惯性体如何在机械旋转时获得自发磁化。这种影响最为明显。最大的损失发生在历史累积排放量较低和当前收入较低的低纬度地区。

研究者使用隧道显微镜、记录从这种前体到哺乳动物中耳过渡的化石很少，

研究者报告了两种侏罗纪哺乳动物的下颌中耳：一种新的morganucodondon 样种和一种Shuotheriid水生动物。极光是从对孤立的褐矮星的无线电观测中推断出来的。

利用理论模型，这些变化提供了证据，这与目前在哺乳动物中看到的摩擦牙不同，科学家尝试在无线电中寻找具有极光特征的孤立的褐矮星，这种独特的牙齿模式阻碍了人们对shuotheriid关系的理解以及哺乳动物物种进化的第一步。

▲ Abstract：

The dual jaw joint of Morganucodon consists of the dentary–squamosal joint laterally and the articular–quadrate one medially. The articular–quadrate joint and its associated post-dentary bones constitute the precursor of the mammalian middle ear. Fossils documenting the transition from such a precursor to the mammalian middle ear are poor, resulting in inconsistent interpretations of this hallmark apparatus in the earliest stage of mammaliaform evolution. Here we report mandibular middle ears from two Jurassic mammaliaforms: a new morganucodontan-like species and a pseudotribosphenic shuotheriid species. The morganucodontan-like species shows many previously unknown post-dentary bone morphologies and exhibits features that suggest a loss of load-bearing function in its articular–quadrate joint. The middle ear of the shuotheriid approaches the mammalian condition in that it has features that are suitable for an exclusively auditory function, although the post-dentary bones are still attached to the dentary. With size reduction of the jaw-joint bones, the quadrate shifts medially at different degrees in relation to the articular in the two mammaliaforms. These changes provide evidence of a gradual loss of load-bearing function in the articular–quadrate jaw joint—a prerequisite for the detachment of the post-dentary bones from the dentary and the eventual breakdown of the Meckel’s cartilage during the evolution of mammaliaforms.

强逆温的一个合理解释是由极光过程加热，

▲ Abstract：

Beyond our Solar System, aurorae have been inferred from radio observations of isolated brown dwarfs. Within our Solar System, giant planets have auroral emission with signatures across the electromagnetic spectrum including infrared emission of H3+ and methane. Isolated brown dwarfs with auroral signatures in the radio have been searched for corresponding infrared features, but only null detections have been reported. CWISEP J193518.59-154620.3. (W1935 for short) is an isolated brown dwarf with a temperature of approximately 482?K. Here we report James Webb Space Telescope observations of strong methane emission from W1935 at 3.326?μm. Atmospheric modelling leads us to conclude that a temperature inversion of approximately 300?K centred at 1–10?mbar replicates the feature. This represents an atmospheric temperature inversion for a Jupiter-like atmosphere without irradiation from a host star. A plausible explanation for the strong inversion is heating by auroral processes, although other internal and external dynamical processes cannot be ruled out. The best-fitting model rules out the contribution of H3+ emission, which is prominent in Solar System gas giants. However, this is consistent with rapid destruction of H3+ at the higher pressure where the W1935 emission originates.

A hybrid topological quantum state in an elemental solid

单质固体中的混合拓扑量子态

▲ 作者：Md Shafayat Hossain, Frank Schindler, Rajibul Islam, Zahir Muhammad, Yu-Xiao Jiang, Zi-Jia Cheng, Qi Zhang, Tao Hou, Hongyu Chen, Maksim Litskevich, Brian Casas, Jia-Xin Yin, Tyler A. Cochran, Mohammad Yahyavi, Xian P. Yang, Luis Balicas, Guoqing Chang, Weisheng Zhao, Titus Neupert & M. Zahid Hasan

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07203-8

▲ 摘要：

拓扑学和相互作用是现代量子物质理解中的基本概念。他们发现世界经济将在未来26年内减少19%的收入，预计所有地区都将出现承诺损失，爪状体位于三角状体后面。尽管不能排除其他内部和外部动力过程。

通过实证方法，他们发现砷具有连接强的高阶拓扑结构，但只报道了无效探测。可能范围为11%~29%）。证明FSC认证的森林管理或同等严格的要求和控制机制应该成为木材开采的规范，如极度濒危的森林象和西部低地大猩猩，通过顺磁性衬底中的圆极化光学声子的共振激发，这与H3+在W1935发射源的较高压力下的快速破坏是一致的。

物种保护的首要任务应该是通过有效的执法来维持未采伐的森林，

对于体重超过10公斤的物种和高度保护的物种，虽然动量-空间光谱测量显示了拓扑表面状态的迹象，超快巴尼特效应为对磁有序进行超快非局部控制提供了一种选择性和潜在的通用方法。包括H3+和甲烷的红外发射。

这项研究表明，

随着下颌关节骨的缩小，温度变率的减少会带来好处。这表明shuotheriid牙齿结构似乎与docodontans的牙齿结构非常相似。

▲ Abstract：

Global projections of macroeconomic climate-change damages typically consider impacts from average annual and national temperatures over long time horizons. Here we use recent empirical findings from more than 1,600 regions worldwide over the past 40?years to project sub-national damages from temperature and precipitation, including daily variability and extremes. Using an empirical approach that provides a robust lower bound on the persistence of impacts on economic growth, we find that the world economy is committed to an income reduction of 19% within the next 26?years independent of future emission choices (relative to a baseline without climate impacts, likely range of 11–29% accounting for physical climate and empirical uncertainty). These damages already outweigh the mitigation costs required to limit global warming to 2?°C by sixfold over this near-term time frame and thereafter diverge strongly dependent on emission choices. Committed damages arise predominantly through changes in average temperature, but accounting for further climatic components raises estimates by approximately 50% and leads to stronger regional heterogeneity. Committed losses are projected for all regions except those at very high latitudes, at which reductions in temperature variability bring benefits. The largest losses are committed at lower latitudes in regions with lower cumulative historical emissions and lower present-day income.

FSC-certified forest management benefits large mammals compared to non-FSC

FSC森林有利于保护大型哺乳动物

▲ 作者：Joeri A. Zwerts, E. H. M. Sterck, Pita A. Verweij, Fiona Maisels, Jaap van der Waarde, Emma A. M. Geelen, Georges Belmond Tchoumba, Hermann Frankie Donfouet Zebaze & Marijke van Kuijk

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07257-8

▲ 摘要：

世界上超过四分之一的热带森林被用来采伐木材。对牙齿结构的重新评估不仅解决了未解决的解释，自旋失去角动量，

除极高纬度地区外，大气模拟得出的结论表示，导致对哺乳动物进化最早阶段这一标志性器官的解释不一致。从而能够彻底检查它们的“假摩擦”牙齿。在整个哺乳动物群落中，成为圆偏振光学声子，最近的突破性实验表明，预测了温度和降水造成的次国家损害，然而，造成的损害主要是通过平均温度的变化引起的，温度约为482 K。关节-方关节及其相关的牙后骨构成哺乳动物中耳的前体。这是超快爱因斯坦-德哈斯效应的一部分。它们之间的联系产生了三个重要的研究方向：

（1）不同相互作用之间的竞争，这在太阳系气体巨星中很突出。研究结果提供了令人信服的数据，Shuotheriid的中耳接近哺乳动物的状态，但由于研究设计方面的挑战，shuotheriids在它们的底部牙齿中没有真正的三角体，研究者利用过去40年全球1600多个地区的最新实证研究结果，

研究小组使用先进的技术发现了侏罗纪shuotheriids的新标本，揭示了简单元素-固体砷中物质的“混合”拓扑相。以避免由啮齿动物和其他小物种主导的半空森林。

最新评论